CBTL

by Aditya Bharadwaj (Chanakya National Law University, Patna) and Aarav Kumar (Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar) Introduction  With the increasing cases of AI-generated content, deepfakes, and online safety,  the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology ( MeitY ) introduced changes to regulate intermediaries and thus redefined intermediary accountability. Although these changes are framed as essential for protecting users, they significantly overhauled the existing...

by Sumit Chaudhary and Dhruv Gurnani (Chanakya National Law University, Patna) Introduction The growth of UPI is an indication of the volume of transactions and the arrival of a layered and interoperable national payment lattice. Its architectural options generate network effects like crucial digital utilities. As per  NPCI UPI Product Statistics, it shows that its system has processed 20.008 billion transactions in August 2025, with a value of ₹24.85 lakh crore. This structural shift is...